Advanced Journal of Chemistry, Section A
5.9(Q2)
CiteScore
31
h-index

Characterization of Liquid Smoke Made from Cocoa Pod Husk and Corn Cobs Mixture by Slow Pyrolysis

Articles in Press

Document Type : Original Research Article

Authors

Mohammad Wijaya 1
Muhammad Hatta Jamil 2
Muhammad Wiharto 3
Hasrawati Bahar 4
Jufri Jufri 5
Jumardi Jumardi 6

1 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Makassar, Indonesia

2 Department of Social Economics of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia

3 Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Science, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Makassar, Indonesia

4 Department of Chemistry, Universitas Syekh Yusuf Al Makassari, Gowa, Indonesia

5 Department of Indonesia Languages, Faculty of Languages and Literature, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Makassar, Indonesia

6 Department of Natural Sciences, Asy-Syathiby School, Gowa, Indonesia

10.48309/ajca.2026.565886.2001
Abstract
This study investigated the pyrolysis of mixed cocoa pod husk (CPH) and corn cob (CC) biomass and the chemical characteristics of the resulting liquid smoke. Three biomass mixtures from different geographic origins were evaluated. The biomass mixtures investigated were: (i) cocoa pod husk from Luwu combined with corn cob from Jeneponto (Mixture A); (ii) cocoa pod husk from Wajo combined with corn cob from Gowa (Mixture B); and (iii) cocoa pod husk from Sidrap combined with corn cob from Takalar (Mixture C). Pyrolysis at 228 °C produced the highest liquid yields for Mixture A (39.93%), Mixture B (40.07%), and Mixture C (39.94%). GC–MS analysis revealed that the liquid smoke consisted mainly of organic acids, phenolic compounds, and carbonyl compounds, along with smaller amounts of furans, alcohols, pyridines, and nitrogen-containing compounds. Distinct variations in chemical composition were observed among the liquid smoke samples derived from the different biomass mixtures. These results demonstrate that mixed CPH and CC biomass can be effectively converted via pyrolysis into chemically rich liquid smoke, indicating strong potential for biomass waste valorization.

Graphical Abstract

Characterization of Liquid Smoke Made from Cocoa Pod Husk and Corn Cobs Mixture by Slow Pyrolysis

Keywords

Cocoa waste
Corn waste
Liquid smoke
Pyrolysis
Wood vinegar

Subjects

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Advanced Journal of Chemistry, Section A

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 13 February 2026

  • Receive Date 13 December 2025
  • Revise Date 03 February 2026
  • Accept Date 11 February 2026

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