Advanced Journal of Chemistry, Section A

Abstract Avocado peel (Persea americana Mill.), an abundant organic solid waste, was utilized as an eco-friendly biosorbent for the removal of Indigo Carmine (IC) dye from aqueous solutions. The adsorption process was optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on a Box–Behnken Design (BBD), considering four key variables: solution pH, initial dye concentration, contact time, and temperature. The optimal conditions were determined to be pH 1.46, dye concentration 263.4 mg/L, contact time 95.48 min, and temperature 55.01 °C, yielding a maximum adsorption capacity of 25.17 mg/g. Characterization using FTIR, SEM–EDX, and BET analyses confirmed the involvement of surface functional groups, significant changes in surface morphology, and pore-mediated adsorption. The adsorption behavior followed the Freundlich isotherm model, indicating multilayer adsorption on a heterogeneous surface, and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, suggesting that the uptake rate depends on both active sites and adsorbate concentration. Thermodynamic parameters indicated that the process was spontaneous and exothermic. The adsorbent demonstrated excellent cost-effectiveness for water treatment applications, achieving a cost performance of 0.539 USD/g-dye. These findings highlight avocado peel as a sustainable, low-cost, and environmentally benign biosorbent for industrial dye wastewater treatment.

Abstract The development of safe multifunctional biomaterials that possess antibacterial activity is of great importance. In this study, a composite alginate–gelatin hydrogel incorporating silver-modified MOF-5 was developed to enhance antibacterial activity. The successful synthesis of the samples was confirmed by XRD characterization of MOF-5, showing characteristic peaks at 2θ = 6.8°, 9.6°, and 13.7°, which remained identifiable after modification with Ag. FTIR analysis of the Hy/Ag(20)@MOF-5 sample indicated an interaction between the carboxylate groups (–COO–) of alginate and the amino groups (–NH₂) of gelatin, with the absorption band shifting from 1583 cm⁻¹ to 1545 cm⁻¹, signifying the incorporation of Ag@MOF-5 within the hydrogel matrix. SEM-EDX results of Hy/Ag(20)@MOF-5 revealed a uniformly porous surface structure and confirmed the presence of Zn, O, C, and Ag elements. Ag@MOF-5 in alginate-gelatin hydrogel causes a decrease in the swelling ratio and biodegradability percentage. The release profile of Ag indicates that in the Hy/Ag(20)@MOF-5 sample, the concentration of released Ag is higher at 7.4 µg/mL after 24 hours; however, the release of Ag ions remains controlled. The cytotoxicity test, shows a cell viability of over 79 % across all sample types, categorizing them as non-toxic within the tested concentration range. The antibacterial activity test results indicate that the hy/Ag(20)@MOF-5 sample exhibits the highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, with MIC values of 1.2 ± 0.1 and 1.0 ± 0.1 mg/mL, respectively, and MBC values of 2.5 ± 0.1 and 2.7 ± 0.2 mg/mL, and is capable of killing all bacteria within 24 hours.

Abstract The green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) using medicinal plant extracts offers a sustainable approach for targeted drug delivery. This review summarizes the recent progress in their synthesis, key physicochemical properties, and biomedical applications, emphasizing the major findings and persistent challenges. This systematic review involved original experimental studies (2018–2023) on the green synthesis of MNPs utilizing medicinal plant extracts, focusing on nanoparticle characterization (UV-Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM/TEM, and DLS) and biomedical applications, particularly in drug delivery. Comprehensive literature searches were conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Google Scholar, using specific keywords and Boolean operators. Data were extracted using a structured excel spreadsheet and quality assessment. Non-English articles, reviews, editorials, and studies that lacked original or biomedical significance were excluded. This systematic review analyzed 25 peer-reviewed studies (2018–2024) on green-synthesized MNPs, primarily AgNPs, using medicinal plant extracts as bioreducing and capping agents. The AgNPs exhibited diverse sizes (10–793 nm) and morphologies, and characterization confirmed their stability. Most studies have reported strong antibacterial and anticancer effects, which were further improved through drug conjugation, polymer coatings, or pH-responsive mechanisms. Additional effects include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, wound-healing, and antidiabetic activities, highlighting their biomedical potential. Overall, green-synthesized MNPs represent an eco-friendly and versatile platform for drug delivery. However, standardization, reproducibility, and in vivo validation remain major limitations. Future research should emphasize scalable production and clinical translation to realize their therapeutic potential.

Abstract This study reports the green synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂ NPs) using Lansium domesticum Correa (LdC) peel extract as a natural stabilizing and reducing agent. The synthesized TiO₂ NPs exhibited a band gap of 3.2 eV and a zeta potential of –47 mV, indicating strong colloidal stability. Their photocatalytic performance was evaluated in the degradation of Acid Yellow 25 (AY25) under various light sources, where UV-A irradiation showed the highest activity. The effects of dye concentration, pH, catalyst dosage, and exposure time were systematically investigated. Optimal conditions (0.1 g catalyst, 20 mg L^-1 AY25, pH 3, 240 min) resulted in 95% degradation efficiency, following pseudo first order kinetics (R² = 0.9932). Reusability studies demonstrated stable performance across three cycles with efficiencies of 82%, 78%, and 73%. Scavenger tests identified e⁻, •O₂⁻, •OH, and h⁺ as the main reactive species involved in degradation. These findings highlight the potential of green synthesized TiO₂ NPs as efficient, reusable photocatalysts for sustainable wastewater treatment and environmental remediation.

Abstract Cinnamaldehyde is a natural compound that garnered significant interest as a potential drug candidate. This study aims to investigate the potential of cinnamaldehyde as a candidate for drugs through multi-analysis of in silico methods, such as pharmacokinetics analysis, pharmacology networking, molecular docking, and simulation of molecular dynamics. Through pharmacological networking, a total of 156 proteins were identified as targets for cinnamaldehyde. A careful selection of protein-protein interactions (PPI) and topographical networking led to 10 proteins: STAT3, EGFR, ESR1, SRC, PTGS2, NFKB1, MMP9, ERBB2, CCND1, and TLR4. Further analysis revealed that these proteins are mainly associated with cancer pathways, antiviral responses, and lipid metabolism. Docking score in binding energy value (kcal/mol) showed that cinnamaldehyde outperformed doxycycline as a reference drug, specifically in MMP9. The dynamic simulation analysis indicated that the ligand-protein complexes formed by cinnamaldehyde and doxycycline have similar patterns. The simulation result exhibited some fluctuations in RMSD and radius of gyration during the initial 10 ns. Overall, the ligand-protein complexes displayed stable interaction over a 50 ns simulation. Although limited in an in-silico study, this study concludes that cinnamaldehyde shows potential as an anticancer agent targeting the MMP9 protein.

Abstract Cassia tora Linn (Caesalpiniaceae) is a medicinally significant plant that is abundant in anthraquinone derivatives, notably rhein and emodin. The objective of this work was to separate and describe these chemicals using a simple solvent extraction and purification method followed by recrystallization. Structural confirmation was achieved by UV, IR, and mass spectroscopic techniques. Additionally, a validated HPTLC technique was established for the concurrent measurement of rhein and emodin in the seed extracts. The separation by chromatography was improved by applying silica gel plates with a mobile phase of chloroform:methanol (10:0.2 v/v), and the analysis was performed at 254 nm. The concentrations of emodin and rhein have been found to be 0.012% and 0.011%, significantly. Validation in accordance with ICH guidelines confirmed accuracy, precision, specificity, and reproducibility, with mean recovery rates of 95% for emodin and 98% for rhein. The established protocol offers a reliable, cost-effective, systematic, and replicable method for the standard analysis of anthraquinone derivatives in Cassia tora and related species.

Abstract In this research, an innovative silica-based nanocomposite was designed and successfully manufactured. This nanomaterial, namely [SiO₂@Si-pr-Bipyr-pr-Si@SiO₂][FeCl₄][HSO₄] (SPBPSFH), was comprehensively analyzed using multiple techniques, including energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) for elemental composition verification, elemental mapping for distribution assessment of constituent elements, FT-IR for identification of functional groups and chemical bonds, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for analysis of surface morphological features and determination of particles sizes, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) for crystallinity identification. SPBPSFH demonstrated remarkable activity in promoting the environmentally benign, solvent-free fabrication of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones; the reaction was performed via the one-pot multi-component condensation of urea, aryl aldehydes and ethyl acetoacetate. Impressively, this catalytic system yielded the mentioned compounds in high to excellent yields, ranging from 90% to 98%. Furthermore, these outstanding results were achieved within relatively short reaction times of merely 30 to 50 min, underscoring the process efficiency. Notably, the catalyst demonstrated good recyclability and could be efficiently recovered and reused for three consecutive cycles without any significant loss of its catalytic activity.

Abstract Biocompatibility remains the primary determinant of clinical success for biomedical implants, while infection control continues to pose persistent challenges to their long-term performance. This review consolidates current evidence on the incorporation of quantum dots (QDs) into prosthetic materials to enhance biocompatibility, antibacterial and antibiofilm properties, photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficacy, imaging capability, and regenerative potential. A narrative analysis of studies published between 2013 and 2025 was conducted using databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, focusing on in vitro and in vivo investigations of QD-based coatings and scaffolds. The collected findings demonstrate that surface functionalized QDs improve cytocompatibility, inhibit microbial growth and biofilm formation, particularly through light-activated reactive oxygen species generation, and enable fluorescence-based monitoring and targeted delivery of therapeutic agents. When integrated into scaffolds or surface coatings, QDs promote osteogenic differentiation, angiogenesis, and tissue integration at the implant interface. Carbon-based QDs exhibit superior biocompatibility and lower toxicity than their heavy-metal counterparts, although issues such as long-term stability, degradation products, and biodistribution remain underexplored. Overall, QD-modified prosthetic implants represent a promising direction toward multifunctional, infection-resistant, and regenerative systems, yet comprehensive in vivo assessments and standardized synthesis and surface modification protocols are still required to ensure biosafety and reproducibility for reliable clinical translation.

Abstract Biofloc technology (BFT) has been widely promoted as a sustainable aquaculture strategy, yet its interaction with polyethylene (PE) microplastics remains insufficiently understood. This study examined the combined effects of biofloc and PE microplastics on water quality, nitrogen cycling, protein synthesis, and production performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in a closed, zero-exchange system for 50 days. Four treatments with or without biofloc and varying microplastic concentrations were tested, and system responses were modeled using artificial neural networks (ANN). Results showed that biofloc suppressed ammonia, nitrite, phosphate, and sulfate while enhancing nitrate conversion, floc density, nitrogen retention, and crude protein, thereby improving fish growth, feed efficiency, and survival. PE microplastics provided surfaces for microbial colonization that may support nutrient absorption but also interfered with microbial processes, reducing resilience and production outcomes. Treatment B achieved the best performance, while ANN delivered high predictive accuracy. These findings underscore biofloc’s resilience under microplastic stress and its prospects as a predictive, sustainable aquaculture approach.

Abstract In recent years, the development of modern absorbent materials has attracted increasing attention due to their crucial role in a wide range of applications, including agriculture, biomedicine, hygiene products, and environmental protection. Polymers of partially neutralized acrylic acid crosslinked with carboxymethylcellulose were used in the work. With an increase in the concentration of the crosslinking agent, a decrease in the swelling of the hydrogel is observed. At low concentrations of the crosslinking agent, the dependence is directly proportional, an increase in concentration above 10% violates this dependence. The study of the exchange equilibrium of ions Mg²⁺, Cd²⁺, Ni²⁺, Co²⁺, Cu²⁺, Cr³⁺, Ca²⁺, and Al³⁺ ions swelling with hydrogel established that, according to their affinity to ion exchangers, the studied metal ions are arranged in the following series: Cd²⁺> Cr³⁺> Cu³⁺> Mg²⁺> Co²⁺> Ni²⁺. This series was derived without taking into account such features as the degree of saponification of AA, the concentration of the initial solutions, but using the maximum sorption values for the given metals. The exchange capacity of cadmium, cobalt, nickel, and chromium ions reaches a maximum at a degree of saponification with acrylic acid of 20%. The introduction of more alkali increases the swelling of the gel or a decrease in the degree of saponification, leading to a decrease in water absorption, reduces the exchange capacity of the polymer with respect to these metals, probably due to the regulation of the pore size of the gel.

Abstract A green, solvent-free Knoevenagel condensation protocol was developed using renewable catalysts—aqueous extracts of banana and orange peels, and L-tyrosine—for the reaction of aromatic aldehydes with active methylene compounds. Two eco-friendly methods were employed: fruit peel-based catalysis and grinding technique (mechanochemical method) using tyrosine with tyrosine. Sixty-three reactions yielded 21 distinct products, which were structurally characterized and evaluated for cytotoxicity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells. MCF-7 cells were selected as a well-established model for estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer, widely used in cytotoxicity screening of anticancer agents. Compounds bearing hydroxyl and methoxy groups at para or meta positions showed enhanced anti-cancer activity, while ortho-substitution reduced efficacy due to steric hindrance. Derivatives with extended conjugation, such as cinnamaldehyde analogs, exhibited increased bioactivity. The methodology offers operational simplicity, high yields, and environmental benefits, highlighting its potential for sustainable drug discovery. Future work may explore broader biological applications and in vivo assessments.

Abstract The quality L-Lysinium L-Mandelate Dihydrate (LLYSMD) crystals are grown after recrystallized several times.The single crystal XRD data of the LLYSMD crystal shows the lattice parameters. The proper display projected profile with colored mapping for RGB for (111) type of Miller indexing of macro-LLYSMD parameters with assigned colors recursive manner of saturated max and min as -29.2428 and 0.05 with no cut-off levels leads to displays to the gadgets of mainly related to electronic devices with displays. The FTIR data of macro-LLYSMD showing with modes in cm-1. The scheme is electro-chemically reversible and to get the CV of the LLYSMD material, the potential is -3 V to + 3 V. Its expected electro-chemical band-gap as 3.75 eV makes it a superior prospect for light-emitting diode (LED) utilization. By employing red LED set-up for the sensitivity as 8% with R2 as 0.2637 and the y as 8E-05 x + 0.2700 the sensor study is reported for first time for LLYSMD-macro one. The optical non-linear behaviour of the sample by the NLO-SHG data of the macro-LLYSMD and micro-LLYSMD are reported for the grown samples; the extended relay for automatic light using macro, micro-100, 10, 5 and 2 micrometers of the veneered LLYSMD are more with normal one as 6%, 5.8%, 5.7%, 5.6% and 5.5% respectively. The macro, micro LLYSMD influxing for opto-electronic use as in microns correspondingly. For M8 thread, the macro and micro veneered are showing shear strength in kN for samples of LLYSMD.

Abstract A series of novel acridine-based aminoacetamide derivatives (AN1, AN8, BI7, AAM3, and AC1) were synthesized and structurally confirmed using FTIR, NMR, and LC–MS techniques. This study aimed to evaluate the compounds as potential acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors with anticancer activity. Molecular docking was performed using the AChE crystal structure (PDB ID: 4EY6) to predict ligand–enzyme interactions. All derivatives showed favorable binding affinities (–8.0 to –8.3 kcal/mol), indicating strong compatibility with the catalytic pocket. AC1 demonstrated the highest affinity (–8.3 kcal/mol), supported by hydrogen bonds with Gly437 and Arg434 and π–π stacking with Trp441 and Trp754, while AN1 and AN8 exhibited stable poses through π–cation and hydrogen bonding interactions. The cytotoxic potential of the derivatives was assessed against SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells using the MTT assay. AC1 displayed the strongest antiproliferative effect (IC₅₀ = 26.92 ± 0.57 μg/mL), surpassing the standard reference compound (IC₅₀ = 92.67 ± 0.43 μg/mL). AN1 (IC₅₀ = 47.74 ± 0.98 μg/mL) and AN8 (IC₅₀ = 69.95 ± 0.49 μg/mL) showed moderate cytotoxicity, while BI7 and AAM3 were considerably less active (IC₅₀ values > 277 μg/mL). A clear correlation was observed between docking affinity and experimental cytotoxicity, particularly for AC1 and AN1. Overall, AC1 emerged as the most promising derivative, highlighting the impact of structural modifications on anticancer activity. The combined computational and in vitro results support acridine-based aminoacetamide scaffolds as potential leads for anticancer drug development.